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Introduction to Bibliometrics and Scientometrics

Author: Kailash C. Garg

Rs. 1200

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ISBN 9789392594168
Year of Publication 2023
Binding HardBound
Pages
Edition
Language English
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During the last five decades the quantum of scientometric and bibliometric studies in India has increased significantly. This is reflected by increasing number of publications in national and international journals by Indian library and information science scholars. The present book, Introduction to Bibliometrics and Scientometrics is written exclusively for students and research scholars working in the area of scientometrics and bibliometrics. The book provides a basic understanding of the several concepts of bibliometrics and scientometrics. The book comprises eleven chapters. Chapter one traces the historical evolution of the subject of bibliometrics and scientometrics. Metric concepts in Library and Information Science and their definitions have been discussed in chapter two. Data sources for bibliometric and scientometric analysis and journal evaluation has been discussed in chapter three. Bibliometric mapping of science presents an account of the entire gamut of bibliometric mapping encompassing methods, indicators, tools, and techniques with illustrative examples in chapter four. Fifth chapter deals with bibliometric mapping of productivity and impact by gender. Sixth chapter deals with the nuances of impact factor used for journal evaluation and as a surrogate measure for assessing the quality of research. Chapter seven on citation analysis discusses in detail the multifarious aspects of citations and how these are utilized to assess the influence, impact and visibility of scientific literature. Chapter eight describes different types of collaboration and different measures of collaboration etc. Chapter nine deals with techniques of bibliographical coupling, co-citation network, co-word analysis etc. Chapter ten describes growth and obsolescence of literature. Last chapter of the book is related to Classical laws of bibliometrics.
This book is the result of author’s research experience of more than three decades in the area of bibliometrics and scientometrics having more than 100 papers published on different aspects of bibliometrics and scientometrics to his credit. It is hoped that the book will be useful to students and professionals of library and information science and to scholars engaged in research in bibliometrics and scientometrics, science policy makers, administrators, academics and academic employers.

Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Bibliometrics And Scientometrics 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Bibliometrics in India 3
1.3. Undertaking a bibliometric/scientometric study 6
1.4. Usefulness of Bibliometrics/Scientometrics 7
1.5. Limitations of bibliometrics/scientometrics 8
2 Metric Concepts in Library and
Information Science 15
2.1. Introduction 15
2.2. Librametry 16
2.3. Bibliometrics 17
2.3.1. Classical bibliometrics 18
2.3.2. Modern bibliometrics 19
2.3.3. Descriptive bibliometrics 19
2.3.4. Evaluative bibliometrics 19
2.4. Scientometrics 20
2.5. Informetrics 23
2.6. Webometrics 25
2.7. Cybermetrics 26
2.8. Altmetrics 27
2.9. Important journals in the field of
scientometrics/bibliometrics 30
3 Data Sources for Bibliometrics/
Scientometrics and Journal Evaluation 34
3.1. Introduction 34
3.2. Unique features of Web of Science and Scopus 36
3.3. Bibliographic databases 37
3.3.1. Web of Science 37
3.3.2. Web of Science Core Collection 38
3.3.3. Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) 38
3.3.4. Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) 39
3.3.5. Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI) 39
3.3.6. Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) 39
3.3.7. Book Citation Index 40
3.3.8. Conference Proceedings Citation Index 40
3.4. Limitations of Web of Science 41
3.5. Scopus 42
3.6. SciELO – Scientific Electronic Library
Online (SciELO.org) 44
3.7. Google Scholar 45
3.8. Indian Citation Index (ICI) 46
3.9. Academic networks 47
3.10. Journal Citation Reports 49
3.11. SCImago Journal and Country Rank 51
3.12. EIGENFACTOR™ METRICS 52
3.12.1. Eigenfactor™ Score 53
3.12.2. Article influence score 54
3.13. Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 54
3.14. Article Level Metrics 55
3.15. Percentile-based indicator – I3 56
4 Bibliometric Mapping of Science 58
4.1. Introduction 58
4.2. What is bibliometric mapping 59
4.3. Methodology 59
4.4. Indicators on which mapping are based 63
4.4.1. Publication Counts 63
4.4.2. Citation Counts 65
4.4.3. Surrogate Measures of Citations 66
4.5. Indicators used for bibliometric mapping 67
4.5.1. Activity Index 67
4.5.2. Relative Specialization Index (RSI) 68
4.5.3. Transformative Activity Index (TAI) 68
4.5.4. Attractivity Index 69
4.5.5. Relational Chart 70
4.5.6. Impact Factor (IF) 71
4.5.7. Normalized Impact Factor (NIF) 72
4.5.8. Normalized Impact per Paper (NIMP) 73
4.5.9. Citation per Paper (CPP) or Mean Citation
Score (MCS) or Mean Observed Citation
Rate (MOCR) 74
4.5.10. Relative Citation Impact (RCI) 74
4.5.11. Papers not cited (PnC) 75
4.5.12. Relative Uncitedness Index (RUI) 75
4.5.12.1. Uncited papers by institutions 76
4.5.13. Relative Citation Rate (RCR) 79
4.5.14. Number of High Quality Papers (NHQ) 80
4.5.15. Proportion of High Quality Papers (PHQ) 80
4.5.16. i10-index 80
4.5.17. h-index 80
4.5.18. Bh-index 83
4.5.19. Mock h-index or p-index 83
4.5.20. g-index 84
4.5.21. Three Dimensional Indicators 84
4.6. Bibliometric mapping based on publication
and citation counts 86
4.6.1. Type of documents used for
communicating research results 87
4.6.2. Growth pattern of publication output 88
4.6.3. Cross national assessment of
research output 89
4.6.4. Attractivity (AAI) profile of different
nations in different sub-specialties 93
4.6.5. Transformative Activity Index (TAI) 94
4.6.6. Mainstream connectivity of
publication output 96
5 Bibliometric Mapping of Productivity
and Impact by Gender 101
5.1. Introduction 101
5.2. Relative productivity and relative position
of women scientists 102
5.3. Activity profile by gender 104
5.4. Impact of research output 106
5.4.1. Distribution of output by publishing
country of journals 106
5.4.2. Distribution of output by range of
Impact Factor and gender 107
5.4.3. Distribution of citations by gender 108
5.5. Summary 111
6 Impact Factor 115
6.1. Introduction 115
6.2. Artifacts that influence impact factor 120
6.3. Conclusion 122
7 Citation Analysis 124
7.1. Introduction 124
7.2. Citation Index 128
7.3. Nature of citations 129
7.3.1. Self citations 130
7.3.2. The role of self-citations 130
7.4. Classification of citations 132
7.5. Reasons for citations 134
7.6. Application of citation analysis 135
7.7. Limitations of citation analysis 138
7.8. Summary 139
8 Pattern of Co-authorship and Collaboration 143
8.1. Introduction 143
8.2. Types of collaboration 145
8.3. Reasons for collaboration 147
8.4. Different measures of collaboration 148
8.4.1. Collaborative Index (CI) 148
8.4.2. Degree of Collaboration (DC) 148
8.4.3. Collaborative Coefficient (CC) 149
8.4.4. Co-authorship Index 150
8.4.5. Domestic Collaborative Index (DCI) 151
8.4.6. International Collaborative Index (ICI) 152
8.4.7. Salton’s Measure for computing
collaborative strength 153
8.5. Steps involved in calculation of various measures 153
8.6. What can be measured with data on
collaboration? 154
8.6.1. Co-authorship and collaborative pattern
according to countries 155
8.6.2. Domestic and international collaboration
profile of different nations 156
8.6.3. Collaboration pattern according to
agencies/institutions 160
8.6.4. Co-authorship pattern according to
Sub-specialties 161
8.6.5. Collaborative profile according to
sub-specialties 161
8.7. Change in the pattern of collaboration over
a period of time 162
9 Techniques of Science Mapping 166
9.1. What is a map of science 166
9.2. Bibliographical coupling 167
9.3. Co-citation network 168
9.3.1. Document co-citation 169
9.3.2. Author co-citation 170
9.3.3. Journal-to-journal citation network maps 170
9.3.4. Co-citation strength 172
9.4. Co-word analysis 173
9.5. Co-classification network 174
9.6. Bibexcel 175
9.7. Biblioshiny 175
9.8. CiteSpace 175
9.9. SciMAT 176
9.10. VOSviewer 176
10 Growth and Obsolescence of Literature 179
10.1. What is Growth 179
10.2. Linear Growth 179
10.3. Annual or year to year growth 181
10.4. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) 182
10.5. Exponential Growth 183
10.5.1. Example from finance 183
10.5.2. Example of exponential growth from
Library and Information Science 183
10.6. Growth of Scientific Knowledge 184
10.7. Obsolescence 188
10.8. Measures of obsolescence 189
10.9. Diachronous obsolescence 190
10.10. Synchronous obsolescence 191
10.11. Half-life 191
10.11.1. Journal Cited Half Life 192
10.11.2. Journal Citing Half-Life 192
10.12. Uses of obsolescence studies 193
11 Classical Laws of Bibliometrics 195
11.1. Bradford’s Law of Scattering 195
11.2. Validation of the law 197
11.3. Methodology 198
11.4. Validity of Verbal Formulation of the
Bradford’s Law 199
11.5. Application of Graphical Formulation of
the Bradford’s Law 204
11.6. Application of the Leimkuhler’s Model 205
LEIMKUHLER’S MODEL 205
11.7. Application of Bradford’s law of scattering 207
11.7.1. Application to abstracting services 207
11.7.2. Application to procurement and
management of Library 208
11.8. Lotka’s Law of Scientific Productivity 208
11.9. Step by step calculation of values in Lotka’s law 210
11.10. Methodology 211
CALCULATION OF THE CONSTANT C 214
11.11. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test 215
11.12. Application of K-S statistical test 216
11.14. Zipf’s Law 219
11.15. Other Laws of Bibliometrics 220
11.15.1. Sengupta Law of Bibliometrics 220
11.15.2. Garfield’s Law of Concentration 220
11.15.3. Price Square Root Law of Scientific
Productivity 220
11.15.4. Success-Breeds-Success Phenomenon 221
Papers Published by the Author
during 1979-2021 224
Bibliography 239 

Kailash C Garg did his PhD in Library and Information Science with specialization in Scientometrics from Utkal University, Bhubaneswar (Odisha). He did his M.A. (Mathematics) from Agra University and “Associateship in Information Science” from erstwhile CSIR-Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (CSIR-INSDOC). He worked at Defence Science Library (DRDO-DESIDOC) from 1975-1983. He joined erstwhile CSIR-National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies (CSIR-NISTADS) in 1983 as a Scientist and finally superannuated as Chief Scientist from the same institute in the year 2012. While working at erstwhile CSIR-NISTADS, Dr Garg started doing research in the area of scientometrics. He published his first paper in 1986 in the international journal Scientometrics with Professor S. Arunachalam, a Scientometrician of repute from India. He is one of the most prolific authors in the area of scientometrics and bibliometrics from India and till now has published more than 100 papers on different aspects of evaluative bibliometrics, such as cross national assessment of science, assessment of science of individual countries and institutions, assessment of journals published from India, science and its coverage in Indian English language dailies etc. These research findings have been published in different national and international journals, such as Scientometrics, Annals of Library and Information Studies, Current Science, Research Evaluation, Information Processing and Management etc. He is one of the most prolific and highly cited authors in the area of bibliometrics and scientometrics from India. Based on Google Scholar database, his i10 index is 59 and h-index is 29.
He is the founder Editor of Journal of Scientometric Research and is now on the Editorial Board of the same. He is also the Editorial Board member of COLLNET Journal of Scientometrics and Information Management and Annals of Library and Information Studies. He has acted as a reviewer for several journals including Scientometrics, Current Science, Annals of Library and Information Studies, DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology, Journal of Scientometric Research and COLLNET Journal of Scientometrics and Information Management. During the last ten years he has reviewed more than 100 manuscripts for these journals.
Dr Garg is an academic counselor of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and attached to Delhi Library Association Centre of IGNOU for over 10 years now. During this period he has supervised 40 M. Lib. Sc. students for their project work. He is still active in research in scientometrics and keeps publishing papers in this area. He has supervised one Ph.D. student of IGNOU as a co-guide and mentored several other Ph.D. students, informally. He has been awarded the DLA-Lifetime Achievement Award for 2020 for his outstanding contributions to the field of Library and Information
Science.

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